As part of the Strategic Competition and Russia course at GCMC, 70 course participants from 32 countries developed a shared understanding of Russia’s broad national interests, foreign policy goals, and the role of its strategic culture. Recognizing that the readiness of Allies and partners is not simply a near- or mid-term challenge, the Russia 2036 exercise developed four alternative futures for the Russian Federation across a 10-year time horizon. The findings point to key challenges for NATO, Europe, and the United States in the coming decade.